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Variance
In probability theory and statistics, the variance of a random variable, probability distribution, or sample is one measure of statistical dispersion, averaging the squared distance of its possible values from the expected value (mean). Whereas the mean is a way to describe the location of a distribution, the variance is a way to capture its scale or degree of being spread out. The unit of variance is the square of the unit of the original variable. The positive square root of the variance, called the standard deviation, has the same units as the original variable and can be easier to interpret for this reason.
The variance of a real-valued random variable is its second central moment, and it also happens to be its second cumulant. Just as some distributions do not have a mean, some do not have a variance. The mean exists whenever the variance exists, but not vice versa.
Upward Variance OK
U.S. v. Taghizadeh, 2008 WL 17901291 (4/21/08) (unpub'd) - The 10th affirms an upward variance from 121 months to 216 months on the grounds that the sexual-exploitation-of-a-minor Guidelines contemplated neither the videotaping of sexual acts [as opposed to sexually explicit poses] nor the defendant participating in the sexual acts...
Five-month Variance Affirmed
US v. Duarte-Hurtado, No. 08-2021, 2008 WL 4417197 (10th Cir. 10/1/08)(unpublished): Clearly this was a hard-fought case at every level, but, rejecting the defendant's arguments that a lower sentence was warranted, the Tenth affirms the five-month variance to 36 months (from 41) for a reentry defendant...
Valdes: No reasons for extraordinary variance
In U.S. v. Valdes, No. 06-15951 (Sept. 18, 2007), the Court vacated a 108-month sentence, which exceeded the 41-51 month range of the PSI, and the 57-71 month range urged by the government...
Conditions on Zoning Variance Must Be Reasonable
The Appellate Division, Second Department rejected as unreasonable a condition on an area variance that a parking lot be chained at night to prevent overnight parking...
Upward Variance Presumed Reasonable
US v. Limon, No. 07-1297, 4/3/08 - Upward variance for defendant who went on a bank robbing spree in which he used firearms affirmed...
Court Affirms Second-Chance Variance
US v. Curry: Curry sold gold coins on eBay. Problem was, he "sold" coins which he never had in his possession. When the deals began to fall apart and jilted buyers complained, the FBI came calling...
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